The rubber agroforests (RAF) of Indonesia provide a dynamic interface between natural processes of forest regeneration and human’s management targeting the harvesting of latex with minimum investment of time and ? nancial resources. The composition and species richness of higher plants across an intensi? cation gradient from forest to monocultures of tree crops have been investigated in six land use types (viz. secondary forest, RAF, rubber monoculture, oil palm plantation, cassava ?eld and Imperata grassland) in Bungo, Jambi Province, Indonesia. We emphasize comparison of four different strata (understory, seedling, sapling and tree) of vegetation between forest and RAF, with speci? c interest in plant dependence on ectomycorrhiza fungi. Species richness and species accumulation curves for seedling and sapling stages were similar between forest and RAF, but in the tree stratum (trees > 10 cm dbh) selective thinning by farmers was evident in a reduction of species diversity and an increase in the proportion of trees with edible parts. Very few trees dependent on ectomycorrhiza fungi were encountered in the RAF. However, the relative distribution of early and late successional species as evident from the wood density distribution showed no difference between RAF and forest.

Teak wood (Tectona grandis .L.f) is a well known and relatively slow growing hardwood species and popularly used as furniture and construction timber. Recently fast growing teak has been introduced which is named as super teak, as opposed to the existing common teak. The quality of super teak however, is being questioned and suspected to be not as good as common teak. Microfibril angle is one parameter of timber quality. It represents the angle between microfibrils and wood fiber axis when they are incorporated in a helical fashion to form fiber structure. The angle was measured from the orientation of long axis of elongated pits fiber. The mean angle of common teak was 22.05°, which is narrower than that of super teak of the same age, which was about 23.29⁰. Genetic factor is suspected to be the source for angle differences. In relation to wood stability during drying, it was predicted that common teak timber was more stable than that of super teak timber in  the same age. In radial direction, the mean angle of both super and common teak declined from inner to intermediate and outer wood. The tendency for microfibril angles to be higher in the center of the log has some important implications for wood processing and tree improvement.

Alstonia scholaris (L.) Br. Is one of fast growing species found growing in industrial forest plantation or natural stands, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Soil of degraded land is generally infertile, having limited macro and micro nutrients, and is acidic with thin topsoil. A potential solution to improve plant growth in this soil condition is inoculation of seedling with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and fertilization with slow release fertilizer (SRF) in the nursery. This research was conducted in the nursery of Forest and Nature Conservation Research and Development Centre from April until August 2007. Two factors experiments in randomized completely block design was applied with four replications, six treatments and two factors of AMF types (Glamus sp. And G. aggregatum) and SRF dosage. The results showed that combinations of AMF and SRF could accelerate height, diameter and dry mass of seedlings by 95-521%, 43-237%, and 571-2,735%, respectively, compared to control (non-inoculated seedlings). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation with G. aggregatum and SRF fertilization with 0.4 g gave the highest growth of A.scholaris seedlings. This research should be followed seedlings effectiveness continues in the fields. This finding can contribute to the implementation of Gerhan (Gerakan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan or forest and land rehabilitation movement) in degraded lands by preparing cigorous AMF and SRF seedlings

Lac is one of the most important non-timber forest products and massively cultured in East Nusa Tenggara. It is the resinous secretaion of lac insect (Laccifer lacca Kerr) which serves as a shield to protect the insect themselves from their enemy. Parasites and predators of the lac insect are the major problem associated with lac culture and hence potentially decrease lac production significantly. This study identified parasites and predators of the lac insect attacking cultures of lac in East Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. Samples of insect were collected in March 2007 from Hambapraing, Mbatakapidu and Kuta in East Sumba, and identified in the Basic Entomology Laboratory, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. The new predators were identified as Dolichoderus thoracicus Smith (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) and CCatoblemma sumbavensis Hampson (epidoptera : Noctuidae). The parasites species found were Aprostocetus purpureus Girault (Hymenoptera :Aphelinidae) and Eupelmus tachardiae Howard (Hymenoptera:Euphelmidae). High population of parasites and predators are probably caused by poor maintenance and sanitation of the culture area. An in-depth study is needed to investigated the hiperparasitism mechanism in lac cultivatiob area at East Sumba and this should be taken as a priority

The aim of this study was to determine the ecological conditions and distribution of gemor bark producing tree species at Tuanan village in Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province and Long Daliq village in Kutai Barat, East Kalimantan Province. In order to collect adequate vegetation data, several observation plots were laid out by using purposive sampling. Primary and secondary data were collected from the plot areas by observing directly the habitat and its ecological condition of vegetation. It was revealed that the gemor tree species tended to grow well on the habitats which have a thin layer of peat (< 2 m), pH 3 – 4 and in a humid climatic condition. Two gemor bark producing tree species were identidfied in the study areas, namely Nothaphoebe coriacea (Kosterm.) Kosterm. and N. umbelliflora Blume. The similarity level of vegetation composition at both sites (Kapuas and Kutai Barat Districts) was low. The tree species richness in the plot areas of Tuanan in Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan (82 species, 57 genera and 28 families) was higher than that found in Long Daliq, Kutai Barat District, East Kalimantan (38 species, 26 genera and 19 families).

Indonesia signifies as the biggest agarwood producer country in the world. Its demand and price tend to increase and have brought about over exploitation of agarwood. Consequently, its population in nature has decreased significantly. To overcome the situation, since 1995, agarwood has been included in the CITES Appendix II. However, illegal exploitation remains persistent and reaches an excessive level. In order to deal with it, agarwood cultivation and its artificial production have been undertaken at several provinces in Indonesia. Some supporting factors for agarwood cultivation and artificial production are the availability of potential land for extensive cultivation, appropriate agro climate condition, simple cultivation technique and already being well adopted by farmers, the availability of necessary pathogen for agarwood inoculation, and the increasing demand with relatively high price. The research aims to analyze the feasibility study of agarwood inoculation business at several stem diameters (15 - 25 cm; 26 - 35 cm and 36 - 40 cm) and periods of inoculation (1 - 5 years). Data were collected through field observation and literature study. The results showed that inoculation on agarwood producer tree stands at 12.5% interest rate afforded positive net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) is much higher than market interest and benefit cost (B/C) ratio >2 for those three diameter classes. Furthermore, if agarwood harvesting is delayed until five years after inoculation, NPV, IRR and B/C ratio would be much higher. It can be concluded that inoculation on agarwood producer tree stands (at appropriate age for inoculation) is feasible to be developed.

This technical report is based on the exploration conducted in two provinces, West and
Central Kalimantan, in April and June 2007. Data and information were collected from related
institutions and field visits. Results indicated that, ramin distributes widely in peat swamp forest
area in these two provinces. However, due to over exploitation in the past, the current population
of this species has been seriously decline. During this exploration, ramin population is found only
in fragmented areas in several districts. There is no record on ramin population in South
Kalimantan province. In West Kalimantan, relatively good ramin population is found in Air
Beguruh of Tanjung Pura village, District of Ketapang. This population is the most suitable and
favorable for seed source of ramin. In Central Kalimantan, relatively large ramin population is found
in Lahei, Kecamatan Mentangai, District of Kapuas and this area is the best source of ramin seed
and seedlings. In other locations, ramin population is relatively small and spread out to remote
areas. In order to secure seed source of ramin in the future, more seed sources should be
explored and the existing seed sources should be well protected and maintained from illegal
cutting or conversion of forest lands to other uses.

Ramin ( spp.) has been listed in Appendix of Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species of wild flora and fauna (CITES) since 2001. This listing was driven by the findings that the population of species within this genus have been decrease significantly and some of them have been in serious threat. The threat has been associated with logging activities, human settlement and forest fires which have driven to habitat degradation and population depletion.
In order to obtain current status of each species in term of their population, regeneration and conservation effort, ITTO-CITES in cooperation with Forest and Nature Conservation Research and Development (FORDA) carried out an exploratory assessment of spp. in Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan, which are the major distribution in Indonesia. The field surveys of certain site location in those islands are made based on existing data and information collected earlier in literature review. The review was made from all existing information, printed and non-printed materials, herbarium specimen and technical workshops.
Results of the exploratory assessment, genetic relationship between species and the initiation of gene pool establishment are presented in this summary, whereas the technical details are available in the printed technical reports and guideline. To all parties who have given their time and effort from field activities until the completion of this executive summary are highly appreciated and it is expected that this book could provide necessary information for relevant authorities, such as CITES Management Authority and CITES Scientific Authority.

Bogor, July 2010
Editors

We reported genetic relationship of ramin (Gonystylus spp.), a CITES-listed genus subject to illegal international trade. Samples representing 9 different ramin species. DNA extraction from leaf material was achieved using modified CTAB method. ITS rDNA (ITS3)
and 3 chloroplast non coding regions sequences were examined identifying genetic relationship among the species. No variation within species and sequence differentiation between species were recognized among the 9 species, included 3 unidentified Gonystylus sp. Based on ITS3 sequence, 9 species were divided into 3 clades. The first clade was G. bancanus. The second clade was consisted of 5 species, G. brunescens, G. velutinus and 3 Gonystylus sp. The third clade was consisted of 3 species, G. consangineus, G. keithii and G. macrophyllus. However, using combination of ITS3 and 3 chloroplast non coding regions, the 9 species were divided into 4 groups. The first group was G. bancanus and G. macrophyllus; the second group was G brunescens, G. consangineus, G. velutinus (2 samples) and 1 Gonystylus sp. The third group was consisted of G. velutinus (2 samples) and 2 Gonystylus sp. The other group was only consisted of G. keithii

Ramin telah masuk ke dalam Appendix CITES sejak tahun 2001 dan semua jenis-jenis di dalam marga Gonystylus masuk ke dalam Appendix tersebut. Masuknya Ramin ke dalam CITES disebabkan jenis-jenis tersebut di alam tengah menghadapi berbagai ancaman yang dapat menuju kepunahan. Untuk mengetahui status terkini mengenai keberadaan dan keterancaman jenis-jenis tersebut maka ITTO bekerjasama dengan Litbang Kehutanan melakukan assessment lapangan khususnya terhadap jenis-jenis yang tumbuh secara alami di Indonesia.
Hasil kajian dan survey lapangan mengenai hal terebut di atas dituangkan di dalam laporan ini termasuk laporan ilmiah lainnya. Hasil kajian dan survey lapangan ini diharapkan dapat menggambarkan situasi terkini jenis-jenis tersebut.