Lack of biodiversity information in islands has been a long time problem for conservation. Birds can be considered as indicator groups of wildlife to support conservation acts in different types of habitat. A study was conducted to get information about avifauna in some types of habitat at Moor Island, Nabire, Papua on August of 2002. The research used observation and identification method based on encounter. The result showed three existing habitat types, namely coastal forest, shifted forest, and primary forest. There were 36 species avifauna from 17 families distributed among those habitats. The highest composition was found on
shifted forest, where 18 species were encountered. The effect of habitat change from coastal forest to primary forest, found on shifted forest area is considered as causing the diversity of bird species, even if there was a problem of predator

Ectomychorriza is specifically associated with certain plants, but one host plant could associate with some ectomycorrhizal fungi or one ectomycorrhizal fungus associates with a few host plants. From different ecological areas there can be found some different ectomycorrhizas. The objective of the study was to know local ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity at forest area of Sipirok (South Tapanuli District), Tongkoh (Karo District), and Aek Nauli (Simalungun District) which can be used to increase seedling quality and plant growth, especially in supporting critical land rehabilitation. The result found that there were 16 ectomycorrhizal fungi which belongs to 3 species (Boletus sp.(1), Suillus sp.(1), and Inocybea sp. under pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. Et de Vriese) stands at Sipirok, 5 species (Russula sp.(1), Russula sp.(2), Russula sp.(3), Russula sp.(4), and Lactarius sp.(1) under pine stand at Tongkoh, and 9 species (Scleroderma citrinum, Suillus sp.(2), Russula sp.(1), Russula sp.(5), Russula sp.(6), Lactarius sp.(2), Russula sp.(7), Russula sp.(8), Boletus sp.(2), and Boletus sp.(3) under pine stand at Aek Nauli. The local ectomycorrhizal fungi which were found are very important to support plant growth in the nursery. Ectomycorrhizas in these areas should be protected as genetic resources of ectomycorrhiza due to its diversity.

The study was aimed at obtaining information of the population status, habitat types, and diversity of birds at Bayah Forest District of Banten. The observation was done by establishing a plot , 1 km in length and 50 m in width, in each habitat. The result indicated that 104 bird species of 31 families. Were found in the study site, 21 species of then are protected based on PP. No. 7, 1999. Pitta guajana Muller is catagorized as Appendix II CITES. Bird habitat in Bayah Forest District can be divided into 4 types, namely natural forest, mahagony plantation, teak plantation, and mixed plantation. The mixed plantation was the most diverse in bird species (H’ = 3.54, E = 0.9). The density and diversity of birds in each habitat are consecutively dominated by Ptilinopus jambu Gmelin (240 birds/km² and 0.33), Zoothera andromedae Latham (150 birds/km² and 0.20), Collocalia maxima Linnaeus (120 birds/km² and 0.24), Orthotomus sutorius Pennant (120 bird/km² and 0.23), and Chloropsis cochinchinensis Gmelin (120 birds/km² and 0.17). In-situ management of the birds in forest is carried out by Perum Perhutani by maintaining natural forest as protected forest. In addition, people surrounding forest area are encouraged to help in avoiding illegal hunting.

Toxicity test and phytochemical screening for orangutan food extracts were done on some species including Dacryodes rugosa (Blume) H.J. Lam., Durio acutifolius (Mast.) Kosterm., Madhuca sericea H.J. Lam., Triomma malaccensis Hook. F., Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merrill, and Scaphium macropodum (Miquel) Beumee ex Heyne. The toxicity test was done by employing the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Samples of leaves of orangutan foods taken from the Gunung Beratus Protected Forest have been repeatedly extracted with methanol. The samples were then concentrated using a rotary evaporator until a crude extract was obtained. Each extract was tested by toxicity to larva Artemia salina L. The toxicity test for larvae A. salina have been done at seven concentration levels, i.e: 1,000 ppm, 500 ppm, 250 ppm, 125 ppm, 62.5 ppm, 31.2 ppm, and 15.6 ppm. The result of the research showed that extract of D. rugosa had the highest toxicity among all the other extracts. The lowest LC50 value, i.e. 125.57 ppm, was shown by A. salina at the concentration of 1,000 ppm and mortality rate of 87%.

Study on the butterflies diversity was conducted in Selabintana Resort, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park. This study was aimed to obtain information on the diversity of butterflies in Selabintana Resort as one of the indicators for ecological change and to improve the management of Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park in utilizing its nature resource, particularly for research activities. The result showed that the diversity of butterflies was high enough with the total of 17 butterfly species of 6 families found from the area. The dominant family was Nymphalidae which were mostly found in the buffer area.

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell can perform symbiosis with two kinds of mycorrhizas, i.e. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EF). This plant has already been planted by some industrial forest plantations in marginal lands in Sumatra and Kalimantan Island for pulp and paper. In such situation, AMF and EF may play a significant role in improving seedling growth in nursery and further assist plants to grow well in harsh condition. The aim of this research is to know the effect of AMF and EF inoculation to 3-monthold seedling of E. pellita. This research was conducted in the nursery with three inoculation treatments: noninoculated control, single inoculation of Glomus sp., and double inoculation of Glomus sp. and Pisolithus arrhizus. The result showed that single inoculation could increase height, diameter, dry weight, and N and P nutrient uptake by 13%, 13%, 40%, 32%, and 82%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated control seedlings. Double inoculation of Glomus sp. and P. arrhizus could increase significantly much higher growth than that of single-inoculated seedlings as measured in height, diameter, dry weight growth, N and P nutrient uptake by 41%, 41%, 80%, 64%, and 155%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated control seedlings. The results further suggested that double inoculation of AMF and EMF gave better seedling growth

This research was conducted to study the tree growth and species matching in purpose of enrichment of degraded land of orangutan (Pongo abelii Lesson) habitat in Dolok Sibual-buali nature reserve buffer zone, South Tapanuli. The growth parameters e.g. height growth, health, and survival rates were observed on some plots that consist of 0.4 ha area, ten plots sizing 20 m x 20 m each. The plots are divided into two types, five plots for every consisted of plantation model treatment (alley and random). Research results showed that on alley plantation the highest growth was found in Cryptocarya nitens (Blume) Koord.&Val., it was 0.88 cm/month and Shorea leprosula Miq wast 0.93 cm/month on random treatment. The highest growth with the land use treatment was C. nitens which was 1.2 cm/month that planted on shrubs and cultivation lands; and Durio zibethinus Murr was 0.93 cm/month on secondary forest. The highest survival rates on alley plantation was D. zibethinus (96%), and on the random one was Litsea odorifera Valeton (84%). Health percentage averages on alley and random plantation was 65% and 64.9% respectively. The t-student test obtained on plantation models were not significantly (based on health and survival rates). The tree species suitable for habitat enrichment can be summarized as follows: S. leprosula and L. odorifera on the private forest that functioned as green belt, combination of timber and multipurpose tree species (MPTs) on empty land or shrubs that meant as interaction area, and D. zibethinus, Artocarpus integra Merr, and C. nitens on the cultivation area.

Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier 1809) is a keystone species of forest ecosystem in Java Island that being threatened by habitat fragmentation. In Central Java, 83.84% of the forest area is production forest that is managed by Perum Perhutani and devided into 20 forest management units (KPH). Consequently, the survival of javan leopard depends on the sustainability of production forests. However, since the monetary crisis, the production forests in Central Java have been deforested and fragmented leading to the extinction of javan leopard. KPH Kendal is one of the distribution areas of leopard’s populations in teak plantation forests in Central Java. This research was aimed to study the characteristics of leopard’s habitat in the fragmented plantation forest landscape. The result showed that there ara three populations of javan leopard in KPH Kendal that have been fragmented due to the development of roads, settlement and agriculture. The fragmentation of forests is indicated by the increase of the Number of Patch (NumP), the decrease of class area (CA), the increase of Total Edge (TE), the decrease of Core Area Index (CAI), and the increase of Mean Shape Index (MSI). The forest fragmentation in KPH Kendal is mainly caused by forest occupation for agriculture, conversion for settlements, road network, ultra high voltage electricity network, and clear cutting system. This fragmentation resulted in isolation of population, habitat degradation and habitat loss that individually or jointly threat the survival of javan leopard. The leopards chose certain habitat features for their daily activities such as hiding, protecting young, hunting, resting and marking territory places. There are 18 species of mammals that are potential for javan leopard’s preys in KPH Kendal. However, the leopards in KPH Kendal prefer to barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak zimmermann, 1780), long tail macaque (Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821), leaf monkey (Trachipitecus auratus Geoffroy, 1812), wildboar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758), and feral dog (Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) for their diet

Species existence in a site depends strongly on food availability and proper habitat condition. For birds, land cover condition, food stock and human interference become factors affecting species distribution and population size. This research was conducted to obtain information on the distribution and population size of parrots (Psittacidae) at some habitats in Papua. The observations on species, population and habitat conditions of Psittacidae used a line transect method, which were placed on some forest areas in Teluk Cenderawasih National Park and Numfor Island. The results showed that 8 species of Psittacidae were found in mix-forest at Aisandami, 7 species at Werabur, and 5 species at Saribi, Numfor. Cacatua galeritta and Micropsitta geelvinkiana were dominant species and distributed broadly on Aisandami. Lorius lorry became dominant and evenly distributed on Werabur. Eos cyagenia and Eclectus roratus were dominant and distributed on Saribi. The habitat types were various, from mix-forest, sago forest, farms, primary forest, shifted forest and coastal forest. Human activities around the habitats could affect on birds distribution and population

Batang Gadis National Park area has been habitat wild animal species, including terrestrial mammals. The objective of this study was to find for many information on diversity species, densities, distribution patters, status and management strategies of population terrestrial big mammals. Mammal observation was done by using strip transect method on research plot of about 35 ha. The research found that there were 19 species of mammals with highest diversity indices (1.96) on sub montana primer forest of sanctuary zone. The highest density species was 0.74 individual/ha which was wild boar/Sus scrofa Linnaeus, sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae Pocock) was found to be critically endangered species (0.06 individual/ha). Generally, horizontal distribution patters was random. Fifteen species of the mammals are protected by Indonesian government law, ten species have been listed in CITES Appendices and ten species listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. Strategies of terrestrial mammal protection can be developed including population size regulations, habitat conservation as home range area, preservation of ecosystem types diversity, and minimization of threat activities and communities interaction into national park area.