The objective of this study was to determine the most correlated soil and physiographic factor with the site index of teak. Tree height and stand age were recorded from seventy-three plots located in Central Java, Indonesia, to determine site index. Size of each plot was 0.1 ha. Measured site properties measured were percent slope, elevation, slope position, slope length, dominant topographic form, aspect, and thickness of A horizon. Soil samples from A and B horizon were analyzed for soil color, soil texture, available phosphorous, total nitrogen, and organic matter content. Analysis indicated that the site index of teak was positively correlated with thickness of A horizon and westerly aspects, and negatively correlated with clay content of A horizon and elevation. A multiple regression using these variables produced an R of 0.55.

Recently, timber estate or plantation forest plays an important role on wooden based industries. However, the plantation timber quality is relatively low. Some treatments have been developed to improve its low quality, such as preservation with CCB (Chromate Copper Boron) and impregnation with plastic compounds. This study is to compare the durability of timber treated with plastic and CCB, non-treated from plantation forest timber as well as from natural forest. The plantation timber studied were jeungjing (Paraserianthes falcataria), damar (Agathis sp.), pinus (Pinus merkusii), and rubberwood (Hevea brasilliensis). Non-treated timbers that usually used for marine construction were ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri), jati/teak (Tectona grandis), laban (Vitex pubescens) and merbau (Instia bijuga). After 6 and 12 months, the results showed that CCB preserved timber were more durable than plastic impregnated timber and nontreated timber. Wood samples were mostly attacked by marine borer organisms from the family of Pholadidae and Teredinidae. The experiment results revealed the possibility of using those plantation forest timber species for marine construction purposes

A high log demand that often exceeds its supply capability should be overcome by using appropriate logging tools. Numerous kinds and types of logging tools require a well planning in their utilization. Number of tools which are greater or fewer than what is actually needed can be disadvantageous for a company. In relevant to these aspects, a study was carried out at a timber estate in Central Kalimantan in 2007. The aim of the
study was to ? nd out an ef? cient number of tools used for logging in a timber estate. The analysis was based on the target and realization of the company’s log production. The result revealed that: (1) Optimum number of logging tools depended on production target, i.e. 41 units of chainsaws for felling, 42 units of farm tractors for skidding, 9 units of loaders for loading and unloading, and 36 units of trucks for transportation; (2) Number of logging tools as obtained from all activities in the ? eld was fewer than that from the analysis based on production target and realization. This condition indicated that number of logging tools used in the company was not yet ef? cient

Forest of Gumung Lumut in Pasir District, East Kalimantan was appointed as a Protected Forest since 1983. The forest surrondded by 15 villages and one settlement lies iside. Communities in those villages depend on the forest resources mainly for non timber forest products (NTFPs). This study focused on the utilization and conservation of the protections forest resources by the community living in and outside (near) the protection forest area, namely Mului sub village and Rantau Luyung village. The data collection was undertaken through general field observations, focused group discussions, and personal interviews. Mului people, who live inside the Gunung Lumut protections Forest (GLPF) area, had higher positive perception on forest and conservation (80.3%) as well as on legal status of GLPF (74.2%) than those in Rantau Layung people (76% and 53.3% respectively), who live outsides the protections area. Utilization value of the eight milions rupiah per household per year. Plant resources utilized was two to three times higher than animal resources. However, most of the NTFPs gathered from forest area were sold as raw materials, and no post harvesting technology applied to gain an added value of the NTF products

The forest of Gunung Lumut in Pasir District, East Kalimantan was designated for a protection forest in 1983. It is surrounded by 15 villages and one settlement lies inside it. Communities in those villages are dependent upon the landscape and forest resources mainly for non timber forest products. This study was focused on the perception of the communities on the importance of the landscape and forests. The study was conducted in two settlements, located in and outside (near) the protection forest, namely Rantau Layung Village and Mului Sub-Village. Data collection was undertaken through general ? eld observations, keyinformant personal interviews and focus group discussions. In Rantau Layung, the most important land type was rice ? eld, whereas in Mului was forest. There were 13 and 14 use categories of landscape resources in Rantau Layung and Mului, respectively, such as food, medicine, constructions and source of income. People in Rantau Layung and Mului ranked plants to be more important than animals. People also considered products from wild resources to be more important than those from cultivated and purchased sources. Communities living in both settlements considered the future uses of forests to be the most important as compared to those of the present and past. They suggested that sungkai (Peronema canescens) and telien (Eusideroxylon zwageri) to be the most important plants while payau (Cervus unicolor) and telaus (Muntiacus muntjak) to be the most important animals. People used the wildlife mainly for food and source of income. They also identi? ed important and potential resources for economic development in the area, i.e. ecotourism and hydropower for electric generator.

The aim of this study was to develop a generalized height-diameter model for predicting tree height of Acacia mangium plantations in South Sumatra that could account for the variability of site and stand conditions. Six commonly used non-linear growth functions (i.e. Gompertz, Chapman-Richards, Lundqvist-Korf, Weibull, modified logistic, and exponential) were selected as candidate base models and were fitted to individual tree’s height-diameter data of A. mangium plantations. A total of 13,302 trees collected from permanent sample plots with various spacing, stand age, and site quality were available for this study. The data were split into two sets: one set being the majority (75%) was used to estimate model parameters and the remaining data set (25%) was used to validate the models. The results showed that the six base models produced almost identical fits with a relatively high root mean squared error (± 3.4 m) and a relatively low proportion of the total variation in observed tree height (52.5 - 53.4%). The Lundqvist-Korf (LK) model performed slightly better than the other models based on the goodness of fit as well as bias and standard errors of the predictions. This LK model can be fitted easily and provided more satisfactory fit when additional variables were included into the model, hence was selected as the base model. Introducing stand variables into the selected base model resulted in a significant improvement of the accuracy for predicting heights. The root mean squared error decreased by the value between 0.5564 and 1.4252 m and the proportion of variation explained by the model increased by the value between 13.88 and 33.21%. The best improvement based on fit and model validation was achieved by the generalized height-diameter model with inclusion of stand age and site index

Post-logging silvicultural treatments are generally performed to improve yields of the remaining tree species by increasing their growth rate. In this study the effects of silvicultural treatment on the growth rates of commercial (dipterocarps and non-dipterocarps) as well as noncommercial tree species in a tropical forest in West Kalimantan were examined and were compared to a control treatment. Silvicultural treatment applied was liberation of future crop trees from lianas and neighbouring competing trees. Treatments were applied to six plots of 80 m x 80 m each. The plots comprised 64 quadrats of 10 m x 10 m to allow better control of measurements. The treatment and control plots were established 6 years after logging. Effects were measured 2, 4 and 7 years after treatment application. In all observation periods, the growth rates increased with silvicultural treatment. Overall, commercial dipterocarps, commercial non-dipterocarps and non-commercial tree species groups differed in response to silvicultural treatment. The growth rates of commercial tree species in plots that received silvicultural treatment were 62–97% higher than in the control plots. For non-commercial tree species, the increase of growth rates was 20–58%, compared to the control plots. These results indicate that the application of silvicultural treatments after logging could help improve the growth of the residual stands. These provide quantitative information that silvicultural treatments in logged-over forest should be considered as a viable management option and may guide the choice of cutting cycle.

Pollen tubs growth following controlled self and cross-pollination of several individual of trees of Melaleuca alternifolia was observed under fluorescence microscope. Two experiments during 2004 and 2005 flowering season were carried out at M.alternifolia seed orchard at West Wyalong, New South Wales (Australia). Pollen tubes number was investigated at 4,7,9 and 14 days after pollination by flurescence microscope. Ovule penetration by pollen tubes was investigated 14 days after pollination. They varied greatly between self and cross-pollen tubes in the style, with less pollen tube found in the self-pollinated styles than cross-pollinated styles. The mean number of pollen tubes declined significantly as interval to harvesting of the style increased, from a maximum at the 4 days after pollination. The availability of self-pollen tubes grow in the style of M.alternifolia shows that mechanism of self-incompatibility occurs in this species. The reduction of number of pollen tubes in the lower parts of style shows that the self-incompatibility systems operate in the stigma or the style. The rejection of self-incompatibility systems operate in the stigma or the lower parts of style shows that the self-incompatibility systems operate in the stigma or the style. The rejection of self-incomatibility systems operate in the stigma or the style. The rejection of self-pollen tubes at the ovarian level ad the consequent low levels or intolerance of selfing aintains a high level of outcrossing in M.alternifolia